Comparative Analysis Between Dentinogenic Ghost Cell Tumor and Ghost Cell Odontogenic Carcinoma: A Systematic Review

Area of Science:

• Oral pathology
• Oncology
• Neoplasms of the jaw

Background:

• Dentinogenic ghost cell tumor (DGCT) and ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma (GCOC) represent a spectrum of rare odontogenic neoplasms.
• These tumors share histopathological similarities, necessitating a clear understanding of their distinct features for accurate diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

• To conduct a comparative systematic review of clinicopathological, genetic, therapeutic, and prognostic aspects of DGCT and GCOC.
• To elucidate the similarities and differences between these rare odontogenic tumors.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature review of electronic databases up to December 2020.
• Inclusion of case reports, series, and studies with detailed histopathological and genomic data.
• Comparative analysis of clinical presentation, histopathology, genetic alterations (β-catenin/CTNNB1), treatment, and outcomes.

Main Results:

• Both DGCT and GCOC exhibit male prevalence. DGCT subtypes and GCOC show different age predilections (peripheral DGCT in elderly, central DGCT and GCOC in younger individuals).
• Common clinical signs include unilateral jaw enlargement with radiolucent or mixed imaging. Histopathological overlap exists, with GCOC featuring basaloid cells.
• β-catenin expression/mutations are identified in both. Treatment varies from conservative surgery for peripheral DGCT to radical resection for central DGCT and GCOC, which have high recurrence rates and metastatic potential (GCOC).

Conclusions:

• DGCT and GCOC share significant clinicopathological features, underscoring the importance of meticulous histopathological evaluation to differentiate them and rule out other odontogenic tumors.
• The potential for malignant transformation of DGCT and the high recurrence and metastatic rates of GCOC necessitate strict, regular post-operative follow-up.