Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

1.6K
The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
1.6K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

12.4K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
12.4K
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

13.5K
The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
13.5K
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

7.1K
The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
7.1K
Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

4.3K
How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
4.3K
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

6.9K
The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
6.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Patient acceptability of partial enteral nutrition as a concomitant therapy to Adalimumab in adults with active Crohn's disease - BIOPIC trial.

Annals of nutrition & metabolism·2026
Same author

Intestinal Sclerostin Deficiency Links Gut Dysbiosis to Altered Serotonin Homeostasis in Axial Spondyloarthritis.

Inflammation·2026
Same author

Differential Immunologic Effects of Short-Course and Long-Course Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer.

Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research·2026
Same author

From the gut to the brain: Potential novel avenues for IBD treatment via serotonergic pathways.

Pharmacological research·2025
Same author

Progressive changes in phenotype, transcriptome and proliferation capacity characterise continued maturation and migration of intestinal cDCs in homeostasis.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Spatial mapping of dextran sodium sulphate-induced intestinal inflammation and its systemic effects.

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 2, 2025

Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes
06:09

Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes

Published on: June 22, 2016

23.5K

Teaching tolerance: Diverse cellular interactions enable healthy maturation.

Annika Frede1, Simon Milling1

  • 1Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.

Immunology
|June 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The fetal immune system prioritizes tolerance to prevent damage from maternal antigens and microbes. Understanding the switch from fetal to adult immune responses is crucial for lifelong immune health.

Keywords:
Tregsmonocytesperinatal toleranceumbilical cord blood

More Related Videos

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
15:33

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

16.1K
Preparation and Applications of Organotypic Thymic Slice Cultures
10:10

Preparation and Applications of Organotypic Thymic Slice Cultures

Published on: August 6, 2016

8.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 2, 2025

Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes
06:09

Generation of Immature, Mature and Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells with Differing Metabolic Phenotypes

Published on: June 22, 2016

23.5K
Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
15:33

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

16.1K
Preparation and Applications of Organotypic Thymic Slice Cultures
10:10

Preparation and Applications of Organotypic Thymic Slice Cultures

Published on: August 6, 2016

8.4K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • The fetal immune system exhibits heightened tolerance to foreign antigens, essential for development in the maternal environment and colonization by microbiota at birth.
  • Neonates require suppressed immune responses and rely on maternal antibodies for protection against initial microbial colonization to prevent tissue damage.
  • Early-life immune tolerance establishment significantly influences immune homeostasis and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases later in life.

Discussion:

  • Investigating the transition from perinatal tolerogenic immunity to adult effector immunity is critical for understanding immune development.
  • Differences between perinatal umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells and adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) offer mechanistic insights into fetal tolerogenic responses.
  • This research addresses the knowledge gap regarding the timing and mechanisms of the switch in immune responses after birth.

Key Insights:

  • Umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells display distinct characteristics compared to adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
  • These cellular differences provide mechanistic explanations for the tolerogenic nature of the fetal immune system.
  • The study highlights the importance of perinatal immune cell profiles in shaping long-term immune function.

Outlook:

  • Further research into UCB and PBMC differences can elucidate pathways for modulating immune responses in early life.
  • Understanding this immune system transition may lead to novel strategies for preventing or treating autoimmune diseases.
  • This work paves the way for targeted interventions to promote healthy immune development and lifelong homeostasis.