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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Differential Immunologic Effects of Short-Course and Long-Course Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer.

Lily V S Hillson¹, Ross K McMahon^1,2, Norman J Galbraith^1,2

¹School of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.

Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research

|January 9, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Short-course radiotherapy (SCRT) is less lympho-depleting than long-course radiotherapy (LCRT) in rectal cancer patients. SCRT also increases intra-tumoral T cell infiltration, suggesting benefits for radiation-immunotherapy combinations.

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Area of Science:

Radiation oncology
Immunology
Gastrointestinal oncology

Background:

Locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) treatment often involves neoadjuvant radiotherapy (RT).
Two common RT regimens are long-course radiotherapy (LCRT) and short-course radiotherapy (SCRT).
Understanding the immune response to different RT regimens is crucial for optimizing cancer treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the systemic and local immune responses to LCRT versus SCRT in LARC patients.
To compare the evolution of immune cell populations and T cell infiltration between the two RT regimens.

Main Methods:

Serial sampling of blood and tumor biospecimens from LARC patients undergoing LCRT or SCRT.
Measurement of leukocyte concentrations and plasma cytokines to assess systemic immune changes.
Analysis of tumor biopsies for CD8+ and FOXP3+ T cell infiltration using multiplex immunofluorescence and RNA-sequencing.

Main Results:

SCRT patients showed a trend towards increased circulating lymphocytes, while LCRT patients showed a decrease.
LCRT patients had significantly lower lymphocyte concentrations at weeks 6 and 12 compared to SCRT patients.
SCRT was associated with higher densities of intra-tumoral CD8+ and FOXP3+ T cells compared to LCRT.

Conclusions:

SCRT demonstrates less lymphodepletion and promotes greater intra-tumoral T cell infiltration compared to LCRT.
These findings support the use of SCRT-based regimens in combination with immunotherapy for LARC.
The differential immune response may explain improved outcomes observed in trials combining SCRT with immune checkpoint inhibitors.