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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

3.0K
The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

8.6K
The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

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The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Organo-Cobalt Complexes in Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization.

Wachara Benchaphanthawee1, Chi-How Peng1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sec 2, Kuang-Fu Rd., 30013, Hsinchu, Taiwan.

Chemical Record (New York, N.Y.)
|June 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cobalt-mediated radical polymerization (CMRP) offers efficient control over vinyl polymerization, utilizing reversible termination and degenerative transfer mechanisms. This method allows precise control over polymer composition and tacticity, enabling advanced material synthesis.

Keywords:
cobaltcobalt mediated radical polymerization, poly(vinyl acetate)reversible-deactivation radical polymerization

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis

Background:

  • Cobalt complexes are crucial catalysts in various chemical reactions.
  • Cobalt-mediated radical polymerization (CMRP) is highly effective for controlling radical polymerization of vinyl acetate and less active monomers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development of CMRP, focusing on mechanistic understanding.
  • To highlight the control over polymer composition and stereoselectivity.
  • To discuss future perspectives of CMRP.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing reversible termination (RT) and degenerative transfer (DT) mechanisms for polymerization control.
  • Correlating polymerization control with the redox potential of cobalt complexes.
  • Hybridizing CMRP with atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) for block copolymer synthesis.
  • Employing visible-light-induced CMRP for copolymerization.
  • Using bulky Lewis acids to achieve high tacticity in CMRP.

Main Results:

  • CMRP provides remarkable efficiency in controlling radical polymerization.
  • Mechanisms of RT and DT in CMRP can rationalize other reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) methods.
  • Polymer composition and tacticity are controllable via CMRP.
  • One-pot synthesis of vinyl acetate/methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate/styrene block copolymers is achievable.
  • Crystalline poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) with high melting points can be synthesized using CMRP.

Conclusions:

  • CMRP is a versatile technique for controlled radical polymerization.
  • Understanding CMRP mechanisms aids in developing advanced RDRP methods.
  • CMRP enables the synthesis of complex polymer architectures and stereoregular polymers.