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Related Concept Videos

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Cell migration is a process by which the cells move from one location to another, playing an essential role in embryological development, repair and regeneration, immune response, and metastasis. Cells migrate in response to chemical or mechanical signals generated by specific organs or tissues. The overall mechanism includes three steps - polarization, protrusion, and release. Polarization involves the formation of a distinct cell front and rear, which determines the direction of movement.
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The extracellular matrix or ECM holds cells together to form a tissue and allows the cells within the tissue to communicate. ECM comprises proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, laminin, etc. The most abundant protein in this space is collagen. Collagen fibers are interwoven with carbohydrate-containing protein molecules called proteoglycans. ECM allows cell migration and provides a structural scaffold at cell adhesion that anchors the cell when the extracellular matrix proteins interact with...
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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
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The cadherins are a superfamily of cell adhesion molecules comprising over 180 variants, with specific tissues expressing a particular combination of cadherin types. Cadherins generally exhibit homophilic binding; i.e., cadherins on one cell bind to cadherins of the same or closely related type on another cell. Thus, cells of the same type have a specific affinity to bind to each other and sort themselves into clusters to form tissues.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 2, 2025

Using Cell-substrate Impedance and Live Cell Imaging to Measure Real-time Changes in Cellular Adhesion and De-adhesion Induced by Matrix Modification
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Using Cell-substrate Impedance and Live Cell Imaging to Measure Real-time Changes in Cellular Adhesion and De-adhesion Induced by Matrix Modification

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Budding epithelial morphogenesis driven by cell-matrix versus cell-cell adhesion.

Shaohe Wang1, Kazue Matsumoto1, Samantha R Lish2

  • 1Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Cell
|June 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stratified epithelial budding, crucial for organ development, is driven by specific cell adhesion properties. Strong cell-matrix and weak cell-cell adhesion in peripheral cells enable this key step.

Keywords:
E-cadherinbranching morphogenesisbudding morphogenesiscell-cell adhesioncell-matrix adhesiondifferential adhesionepithelial morphogenesisintegrinsalivary glandtissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Epithelial morphogenesis is essential for forming complex organs like the salivary gland and pancreas.
  • The mechanisms driving budding and branching in stratified epithelia are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the cellular and molecular drivers of stratified epithelial budding during embryonic organ development.
  • To investigate the role of cell adhesion in initiating branching morphogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Live-organ imaging of mouse embryonic salivary glands at single-cell resolution.
  • Single-cell transcriptome profiling to identify spatial gene expression patterns.
  • 3D spheroid cultures with experimental manipulation of cell adhesion molecules (E-cadherin) and basement membrane induction.

Main Results:

  • Budding morphogenesis is driven by epithelial surface cells with strong cell-matrix and weak cell-cell adhesions.
  • Spatial transcription patterns correlate with observed differences in cell adhesion.
  • Synthetic reconstitution confirmed that suppressed E-cadherin and induced basement membrane, with β1-integrin signaling, enable budding.

Conclusions:

  • Stratified epithelial budding is initiated by a distinct cell sheet with differential adhesion properties.
  • Strong cell-matrix adhesion and weak cell-cell adhesion are critical for the initial budding step in branching morphogenesis.
  • This study provides a mechanistic understanding of epithelial budding, essential for organ formation.