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Related Concept Videos

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:34

Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

4.3K
Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
Transport of mitochondrial precursors across the TIM23 channel is driven by...
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Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

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Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial...
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Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

2.4K
Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mitochondrial Contact Sites and Architectural Insights
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Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mitochondrial Contact Sites and Architectural Insights

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Miro proteins connect mitochondrial function and intercellular transport.

Zuzana Nahacka1, Renata Zobalova1, Maria Dubisova1,2

  • 1Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West, Czech Republic.

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|June 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria, the cell

Keywords:
Miro proteinsMitochondriaendoplasmic reticulumintercellular transfermitophagymotor proteinsrespiration

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondria are vital organelles in eukaryotic cells, traditionally known as the cell's powerhouse.
  • Emerging research reveals mitochondria's expanded roles in cellular processes beyond energy production, including catabolic/anabolic pathways and cell growth signaling.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to various pathologies, highlighting the importance of mitochondrial homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of mitochondria beyond energy production.
  • To explore the emerging field of intercellular mitochondrial transfer.
  • To discuss the role of Miro family proteins in mitochondrial mobilization and transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on mitochondrial functions and intercellular transfer.
  • Analysis of studies investigating mitochondrial proteins, particularly the Miro family.
  • Synthesis of findings on mitochondrial dynamics and their implications.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondria participate in diverse cellular processes, including pyrimidine synthesis, influencing cell growth.
  • Mitochondria are capable of moving between cells, a process crucial for cellular communication and function.
  • Miro proteins are essential components of the machinery mediating mitochondrial movement and transfer.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondria possess complex roles extending beyond energy generation, impacting various cellular functions.
  • Intercellular mitochondrial transfer is a significant, albeit nascent, area of research with broad implications.
  • Miro proteins are critical regulators of mitochondrial mobility, both intracellularly and intercellularly.