A preliminary analysis of AI based smartphone application for diagnosis of COVID-19 using chest X-ray images

The COVID-19 outbreak has catastrophically affected both public health system and world economy. Swift diagnosis of the positive cases will help in providing proper medical attention to the infected individuals and will also aid in effective tracing of their contacts to break the chain of transmission. Blending Artificial Intelligence (AI) with chest X-ray images and incorporating these models in a smartphone can be handy for the accelerated diagnosis of COVID-19. In this study, publicly available datasets of chest X-ray images have been utilized for training and testing of five pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models namely VGG16, MobileNetV2, Xception, NASNetMobile and InceptionResNetV2. Prior to the training of the selected models, the number of images in COVID-19 category has been increased employing traditional augmentation and Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). The performance of the five pre-trained CNN models utilizing the images generated with the two strategies has been compared. In the case of models trained using augmented images, Xception (98%) and MobileNetV2 (97.9%) turned out to be the ones with highest validation accuracy. Xception (98.1%) and VGG16 (98.6%) emerged as models with the highest validation accuracy in the models trained with synthetic GAN images. The best performing models have been further deployed in a smartphone and evaluated. The overall results suggest that VGG16 and Xception, trained with the synthetic images created using GAN, performed better compared to models trained with augmented images. Among these two models VGG16 produced an encouraging Diagnostic Odd Ratio (DOR) with higher positive likelihood and lower negative likelihood for the prediction of COVID-19.