Recent advances in electrode development for biomedical applications

Elaborate electrodes that enable adhesion to the skin surface and effectively collect vital signs are necessitated. In recent years, various electrode materials and novel structures have been developed, and they have garnered scientific attention due to their higher sensing performances compared with those of conventional electrode-based sensors. This paper provides an overview of recent advances in biomedical sensors, focusing on the development of novel electrodes. We comprehensively review the different types of electrode materials in the context of efficient biosignal detection, with respect to material composition for flexible and wearable electrodes and novel electrode structures. Finally, we discuss recent packaging technologies in biomedical applications using flexible and wearable electrodes.