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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Membrane Proteins01:16

Introduction to Membrane Proteins

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The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, is an ever-changing landscape. It is described as a fluid mosaic where various macromolecules are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Among the macromolecules are proteins. The protein content varies across cell types. For example, mitochondrial inner membranes contain ~76% protein content, while myelin contains ~18% protein content. Individual cells contain many types of membrane proteins—red blood cells contain over 50—and different cell...
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Introduction to Membrane Traffic01:44

Introduction to Membrane Traffic

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The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
The transport of soluble and membrane proteins is mediated by transport vesicles that collect cargo from one cellular compartment and deliver it to another by fusing with the target organelle membrane. The Rab...
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Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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Membrane Proteins01:30

Membrane Proteins

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Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...
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Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
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Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview01:21

Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview

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An electrochemical gradient is a fundamental concept in biology and chemistry. It regulates the movement of ions across cell membranes. This movement is influenced by two factors:
The electrical gradient: The electrical gradient across cell membranes refers to the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a cell.  This difference drives the movement of ions towards or away from the cells. For instance, if the inside of the cell is more negatively charged relative to...
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Calmodulin assists during co-translational folding of the K<sub>V</sub>7.2 channel calcium responsive domain.

Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society·2026
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Cotranslational Folding and "Constrained Monomers" in the Maturation of HIV-1 Protease.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Reconstitution of a Kv Channel into Lipid Membranes for Structural and Functional Studies
10:22

Reconstitution of a Kv Channel into Lipid Membranes for Structural and Functional Studies

Published on: July 13, 2013

19.6K

Introduction to the Theme on Membrane Channels.

Gunnar von Heijne1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;

Annual Review of Biochemistry
|June 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Explore the diverse functions of membrane channel proteins, including PIEZO2, mitochondrial carriers, and fluoride ion exporters. Evolution has adapted basic helix-bundle structures for various transport roles.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Integral membrane proteins form the structural basis for cellular transport systems.
  • Evolution has diversified helix-bundle architectures to create diverse membrane channels and transporters.

Discussion:

  • Review of PIEZO2 channel structure and function.
  • Examination of the structural mechanisms governing mitochondrial carrier transport.
  • Analysis of membrane exporters responsible for fluoride ion transport.

Key Insights:

  • The fundamental helix-bundle architecture of integral membrane proteins is highly adaptable.
  • Evolution has generated a wide array of functional membrane channels and transporters from a common structural motif.
  • Specific examples illustrate the functional diversity achieved through evolutionary modification.
Keywords:
ADP/ATP carrierFlucPIEZO2fluoride channelmembrane channels

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Outlook:

  • Further investigation into the structure-function relationships of membrane transport proteins.
  • Understanding the evolutionary pathways that led to diverse transporter mechanisms.
  • Potential for novel therapeutic targets based on membrane protein function.