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IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that...

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

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A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...

Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission

Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission

Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels. Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

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When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
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UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Molecular Electronic Transitions

In Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation is used to probe the electronic structure of molecules. This technique provides insights into molecular electronic transitions, particularly the movement of electrons between different molecular orbitals. Radiation is absorbed if the energy of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the molecule is precisely equal to the energy difference between the excited and ground states. During this...

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

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A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

Published on: August 30, 2012

Enhanced on-chip terahertz vibrational absorption spectroscopy using evanescent fields in silicon waveguide

Hadi Amarloo, Safieddin Safavi-Naeini

|June 22, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces on-chip terahertz absorption spectroscopy using dielectric waveguides. These compact devices enhance sensitivity for material analysis, outperforming current methods.

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Area of Science:

Terahertz spectroscopy
Dielectric waveguide technology
On-chip sensing

Background:

Conventional terahertz spectroscopy often requires bulky equipment.
Integrating spectroscopic analysis onto a chip presents a significant challenge.
Dielectric waveguides offer potential for miniaturized optical systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate on-chip terahertz absorption spectroscopy using dielectric waveguide structures.
To investigate methods for enhancing spectroscopy sensitivity and compactness.
To analyze the terahertz absorption signature of α-lactose powder at 532 GHz.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of terahertz dielectric waveguide structures on a silicon-BCB-quartz platform.
Utilizing evanescent field interaction between the waveguide and surrounding sample material.
Experimental investigation of waveguide tapering, slot confinement, and spiral designs for sensitivity enhancement.

Main Results:

Successful capture of the terahertz absorption fingerprint of α-lactose powder.
Demonstration of enhanced sensitivity through waveguide engineering techniques.
Achieved superior performance in sensitivity and compactness compared to existing methods.

Conclusions:

On-chip terahertz absorption spectroscopy using dielectric waveguides is feasible and effective.
Engineered waveguide structures significantly improve sensitivity and reduce device size.
This technology offers a promising platform for compact and sensitive material characterization.