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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Three-dimensional strain analysis is crucial for understanding how materials deform under stress, particularly in elastic, homogeneous materials. This method employs principal stress axes to simplify complex stress states into more understandable forms. Subjected to stress, a small cubic element within a material either expands or contracts along these axes, transforming into a rectangular parallelepiped. This transformation effectively illustrates the material's deformation. The principal...
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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration
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Three-dimensional analysis of the gap space under forearm casts.

Roman Wirtz1, Silvia Pianigiani2, Bernardo Innocenti2

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Hospitalo-Facultaire Erasme, 1070, Bruxelles, Belgium.

Chinese Journal of Traumatology = Zhonghua Chuang Shang Za Zhi
|June 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A new 3D imaging method accurately measures the gap space between skin and cast, a key factor in distal radius fracture redisplacement. This technique helps improve casting materials and immobilization methods for better fracture healing.

Keywords:
Conservative treatmentForearmGap spaceRadius fracturesWrist casts

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Biomedical engineering
  • Medical imaging

Background:

  • Secondary displacement is a common complication in distal radius fracture treatment.
  • The "gap space" between skin and cast may allow movement, potentially causing fracture redisplacement.
  • Current methods for assessing this gap are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel 3D imaging technique for measuring the gap space in distal radius fractures.
  • To quantify the gap space in all three geometrical planes.
  • To assess the gap space as a factor in secondary displacement.

Main Methods:

  • A 3D imaging methodology was developed to measure the skin-to-cast gap.
  • The technique was validated in a clinical setting for distal radius fractures.
  • Unpaired t-tests were used to compare plaster of Paris and fiberglass casts, with significance set at p < 0.05.

Main Results:

  • The average gap space measured was 4 mm, slightly less on the radial side.
  • Plaster of Paris casts showed significantly greater variance in gap space compared to fiberglass casts (p=0.39).
  • Plaster of Paris casts exhibited significantly higher undersurface irregularity than fiberglass casts.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 3D method provides a better understanding of the "gap space" phenomenon.
  • Findings can inform the development of improved immobilization techniques and casting materials.
  • This research contributes to reducing secondary displacement complications in distal radius fractures.