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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

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The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
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The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
Encircling the heart, the coronary arteries form a ring-like structure before...
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Patent Foramen Ovale Closure in Stroke and the PASCAL Classification System.

JAMA neurology·2026
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Divided attention and manual visuomotor control in stroke: a combined dual-task and eye movement study.

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Treatment of patent foramen ovale.

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Sex Differences in Frequency, Severity, and Distribution of Cerebral Microbleeds.

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Patent Foramen Ovale Closure in Older Patients With Stroke: Patient Selection for Trial Feasibility.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale PFO: An Intervention Sequence
10:52

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale PFO: An Intervention Sequence

Published on: December 23, 2022

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[Patent foramen ovale and stroke].

Jean-Louis Mas1

  • 1Service de neurologie, hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris. Université de Paris, Inserm 1266, Paris, France.

La Revue Du Praticien
|June 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) significantly reduces stroke recurrence risk in younger patients. Further research is needed to identify optimal patient candidates and compare treatments.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Neurology
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a congenital heart defect, a remnant of fetal circulation.
  • Its established role in cryptogenic ischemic stroke necessitates further investigation into treatment efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of transcatheter PFO closure in reducing ischemic stroke recurrence.
  • To identify patient subgroups who may benefit most from PFO closure.
  • To clarify the comparative efficacy of different therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of clinical trial data comparing transcatheter PFO closure with antiplatelet therapy versus antithrombotic therapy alone.
  • Identification of patient characteristics, such as atrial septal aneurysm or large right-to-left shunt, associated with treatment success.
Keywords:
Cerebral InfarctionForamen Ovale, Patent

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  • Review of existing literature on oral anticoagulants and aspirin in PFO-related stroke.

    • Main Results:

    • Transcatheter PFO closure plus long-term antiplatelet therapy reduced stroke recurrence by approximately 60% compared to antithrombotic therapy alone in patients ≤60 years.
    • Patients with PFO and atrial septal aneurysm or large right-to-left shunt appear to be optimal candidates for closure.
    • The comparative benefit of oral anticoagulants over aspirin and their role versus PFO closure remain uncertain.

    Conclusions:

    • Transcatheter PFO closure is a highly effective strategy for secondary stroke prevention in select patients.
    • Further research is required to define optimal patient selection criteria for PFO closure.
    • Long-term outcomes, including the risk of induced atrial fibrillation and the role of anticoagulation, warrant additional investigation.