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GRINS: Genetic elements that recode assembly-line polyketide synthases and accelerate their diversification.

Aleksandra Nivina1,2, Sur Herrera Paredes3, Hunter B Fraser3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A newly discovered genetic element, GRINS (genetic repeats of intense nucleotide skews), accelerates the evolution of polyketide synthases (PKS). This finding is crucial for predicting PKS functions and engineering new molecules.

Keywords:
gene conversionnucleotide skewpolyketide synthase

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Assembly-line polyketide synthases (PKS) are large, modular enzymes encoded by bacterial gene clusters.
  • PKS diversity yields medically relevant molecules, making PKS evolution a key research area.
  • Understanding PKS evolution aids functional prediction and engineering of novel PKS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify genetic mechanisms driving the evolution of assembly-line PKS.
  • To characterize a novel repetitive genetic element influencing PKS diversification.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of assembly-line PKS gene clusters.
  • Identification and naming of the genetic repeat element 'GRINS' (genetic repeats of intense nucleotide skews).

Main Results:

  • Discovery of GRINS, a repetitive genetic element within assembly-line PKS genes.
  • GRINS are associated with biased nucleotide composition and promote gene conversion in PKS regions.
  • GRINS are prevalent in numerous PKS gene clusters, especially in *Streptomyces*.

Conclusions:

  • GRINS appear to accelerate the diversification of closely related PKS gene clusters.
  • The presence of GRINS across diverse bacteria suggests a fundamental role in protein evolution.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of GRINS.