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Programmed and triggered actions to rapid load changes during precision grip.

R S Johansson1, G Westling

  • 1Department of Physiology, University of Umeå, Sweden.

Experimental Brain Research
|January 1, 1988
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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The human hand anticipates load changes by adjusting grip force and arm movement before impact. This preparatory action, involving muscle stiffening, accounts for factors like weight and friction to prevent slips.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomechanics
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Maintaining a stable grip under dynamic load conditions is crucial for dexterous manipulation.
  • The central nervous system must predict and counteract external forces to prevent object slippage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural and biomechanical mechanisms underlying anticipatory grip force and load force adjustments.
  • To determine how the hand and arm system prepares for predictable and unpredictable changes in load during object manipulation.

Main Methods:

  • Subjects held a grip apparatus, and balls were dropped into it, creating predictable or unexpected load changes.
  • Grip force, load force, and vertical movement were measured.
  • Electromyographic (e.m.g.) activity was recorded from eight hand and arm muscles.

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Main Results:

  • Anticipatory adjustments in grip force and lifting movement occurred approximately 150 ms before impact when subjects initiated the drop.
  • Increased e.m.g. activity in all measured muscles indicated a general stiffening of the hand/arm system prior to impact.
  • These preparatory actions were scaled to the magnitude of the impending load, considering factors like ball weight, apparatus weight, drop height, and friction.

Conclusions:

  • The motor system can accurately predict and prepare for changes in load force based on sensory information gathered before the event.
  • Both anticipatory and reactive muscle responses contribute to maintaining grip stability, though reactive responses are too late to prevent initial slips.
  • These findings highlight the sophisticated predictive capabilities of the human motor system in ensuring stable object manipulation.