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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

16.4K
All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

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Overview
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Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force...
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Absorption of Radiation01:05

Absorption of Radiation

954
The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
954

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Expedited Radiation Biodosimetry by Automated Dicentric Chromosome Identification ADCI and Dose Estimation
10:33

Expedited Radiation Biodosimetry by Automated Dicentric Chromosome Identification ADCI and Dose Estimation

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Radiation Dose Audit Failures: Truth and Consequences.

Trabue Bryans, Lisa Foster, Kimberly Patton

    Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology
    |June 25, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Understanding dose audit results is crucial for radiation sterilization. Positive tests of sterility (TOS) do not automatically mean product failure, due to the statistical nature of sterilization dose determination.

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    Irradiator Commissioning and Dosimetry for Assessment of LQ α and β Parameters, Radiation Dosing Schema, and in vivo Dose Deposition
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    Dosimetry for Cell Irradiation using Orthovoltage 40-300 kV X-Ray Facilities
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    Irradiator Commissioning and Dosimetry for Assessment of LQ α and β Parameters, Radiation Dosing Schema, and in vivo Dose Deposition
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    Irradiator Commissioning and Dosimetry for Assessment of LQ α and β Parameters, Radiation Dosing Schema, and in vivo Dose Deposition

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Device Sterilization
    • Radiation Sterilization Validation

    Background:

    • Radiation sterilization dose validation requires initial determination and ongoing maintenance.
    • Maintenance procedures include bioburden testing and dose audits, guided by ISO standards.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To clarify the implications of positive tests of sterility (TOS) in dose audits.
    • To correct the misconception that any TOS positive indicates a sterilization failure.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of procedures for radiation sterilization dose maintenance as per ISO standards.
    • Analysis of dose audit results based on positive tests of sterility (TOS) at verification doses.

    Main Results:

    • Positive TOS in dose audits are often misinterpreted as sterilization failures.
    • The statistical basis for sterilization dose determination means TOS positives do not always indicate non-sterile product.

    Conclusions:

    • Clarification of the true meaning of dose audit TOS positives regarding product sterility assurance.
    • Discussion of the consequences associated with positive TOS results in radiation sterilization dose audits.