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No Difference in Arousal or Cognitive Demands Between Manual and Partially Automated Driving: A Multi-Method On-Road

Monika Lohani1, Joel M Cooper2, Gus G Erickson2

  • 1Department of Educational Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.

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Drivers using partial automation show similar arousal and cognitive demands compared to manual driving. This indicates that new users can maintain focus and readiness when transitioning between automated and manual control.

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Area of Science:

  • Human-computer interaction
  • Automotive engineering
  • Cognitive psychology

Background:

  • Partial driving automation systems require drivers to remain vigilant and ready to take manual control.
  • Understanding driver arousal and cognitive load differences between manual and automated driving is crucial for safe transitions.
  • Limited research exists on how partial automation affects driver readiness and cognitive demands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in driver arousal and cognitive demands during manual versus partial automation driving.
  • To compare physiological and cognitive responses across different age groups and automated vehicles.
  • To assess the impact of partial automation on driver engagement and transition readiness.

Main Methods:

  • Compared heart rate (arousal) and the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and Detection Response Task (DRT) performance (cognitive demands).
  • Evaluated 39 younger and 32 late-middle-aged adults driving four different partially automated vehicles on highways.
  • Analyzed data for significant differences between manual and partial automation driving modes.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences were found in heart rate, RMSSD, or DRT reaction times between manual and partial automation driving.
  • Bayes Factor analysis provided extreme evidence supporting the null hypothesis (no difference).
  • Results were consistent across younger and late-middle-aged drivers and the four tested vehicles.

Conclusions:

  • Partial automation does not significantly alter driver arousal or cognitive demands compared to manual driving for novice users.
  • Younger and late-middle-aged drivers can maintain comparable cognitive load and arousal levels when using partial automation.
  • Driver experience with partial automation may influence responses, warranting further investigation.