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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

250
Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
250
Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

285
Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
560
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

741
Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
741
Pulmonary Function Tests01:25

Pulmonary Function Tests

499
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Pulmonary Function Tests are crucial diagnostic tools for assessing respiratory function, particularly in patients with chronic respiratory disorders. They comprehensively evaluate lung volumes, ventilatory function, breathing mechanics, diffusion, and gas exchange. These tests help diagnose pulmonary diseases and play a significant role in monitoring disease progression, evaluating disability, and assessing response to therapy.
PFTs involve using a spirometer, a...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

436
Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 31, 2025

Diagnosing Pulmonary Tuberculosis with the Xpert MTB/RIF Test
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Screening tests for active pulmonary tuberculosis in children.

Bryan Vonasek1,2, Tara Ness1, Yemisi Takwoingi3

  • 1The Global Tuberculosis Program, Texas Children's Hospital, Section of Global and Immigrant Health, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|June 28, 2021
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Summary

Screening children for tuberculosis using symptoms or chest radiography (CXR) may be beneficial, especially for contacts and those with HIV. However, more research is needed to confirm the accuracy of these tests and improve case detection in children.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Children under 15 represent 12% of new tuberculosis (TB) cases but 16% of TB deaths globally.
  • Improved case detection and identification of children needing preventive treatment are crucial.
  • Systematic screening in high-risk pediatric groups is a key strategy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of various screening tests for active pulmonary TB in children.
  • To assess screening tests including symptoms, chest radiography (CXR), Xpert MTB/RIF, and Xpert Ultra.
  • To analyze performance in high-risk groups: TB contacts, children with HIV, pneumonia, and general populations in high-burden settings.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional and cohort studies.
  • Searched six databases without language restrictions.
  • Evaluated studies where at least 75% of participants were under 15 years old, focusing on screening rather than diagnosis.
  • Used microbiological and composite reference standards (MRS and CRS).
  • Assessed study quality using QUADAS-2 and certainty of evidence using GRADE.

Main Results:

  • Symptom-based screening (cough, fever, weight gain/playfulness) showed variable sensitivity (64-89%) and specificity (37-99%) across different groups and definitions.
  • Chest radiography (CXR) demonstrated high specificity (99%) but variable sensitivity (87%) in TB contacts.
  • Xpert MTB/RIF showed high specificity (99-100%) but limited data on sensitivity (43-100%) in a small number of studies.
  • Incorporation bias was a concern in 84% of studies, potentially overestimating accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Symptom-based screening and CXR may aid in identifying TB in pediatric contacts and children with HIV.
  • Insufficient evidence exists for Xpert MTB/RIF screening accuracy in children.
  • Further prospective studies are needed to validate screening test performance.
  • Pragmatic screening strategies are essential to address TB prevention and detection gaps in resource-limited settings.