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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

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Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
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Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
Contact precautions are the measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, especially epidemiologically important microorganisms such as MRSA or influenza, primarily transmitted through direct or indirect contact with an...
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Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
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Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 31, 2025

An Experimental Model to Study Tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfection upon Natural Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei
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Trans-boundary commons in infectious diseases.

Ramanan Laxminarayan

    Oxford Review of Economic Policy
    |June 28, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    Economic analysis can help address global health threats like pandemics and drug-resistant pathogens. It guides interventions to encourage international cooperation for improved global health security.

    Area of Science:

    • Global Health Security
    • Health Economics
    • International Relations

    Background:

    • Emerging global health threats, such as drug-resistant pathogens and pandemics, pose significant trans-boundary challenges.
    • The actions of individual nations in managing these threats have widespread international consequences.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the application of economic analysis in addressing global health security challenges.
    • To explore how economic principles can design interventions that foster international cooperation for collective health benefits.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of economic analyses related to global health threats.
    • Analysis of intervention design principles for modifying institutional and national behavior.
    Keywords:
    economic incentivesglobal pandemicreporting of disease outbreaksstrategic complementaritysurveillance

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    Main Results:

    • Economic analysis provides frameworks for understanding the externalities of national health policies.
    • It offers tools to design incentives and policies that align national interests with global health security goals.

    Conclusions:

    • Economic analysis is crucial for developing effective strategies against trans-boundary health threats.
    • Interventions informed by economic principles can promote cooperation and enhance global well-being.