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Updated: Oct 31, 2025

Echocardiographic Assessment Using Subxiphoid-Only Examination for Hypotensive Patients
Published on: April 18, 2025
Current status and issues regarding reference values for echocardiography: a short review
Tadafumi Sugimoto1, Kaoru Dohi2
1Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, 514-8507, Japan. t_sugimoto_japan@hotmail.com.
Abstract:
In general, the reference values of diagnostic test parameters are specified based on the values of 95% confidence intervals of those parameters measured in healthy subjects. As heart size varies according to sex, there are sex-related differences in the reference values of echocardiographic parameters. There have been attempts to minimize the variability in the reference values of echocardiographic parameters worldwide by correcting for age-related, sex-related, and body size-related differences. This short review describes the current status and issues regarding the reference values of echocardiographic parameters and discusses the findings of research aimed at resolving these issues.
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