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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

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Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care01:29

Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care

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Managing cardiomyopathy involves addressing underlying or precipitating causes, treating heart failure with medications, and implementing dietary changes and a balanced exercise and rest regimen.Lifestyle ModificationsCardiomyopathy patients should adopt a low-sodium diet to reduce fluid retention and manage heart failure. A personalized exercise and rest plan helps maintain physical fitness without overstraining the heart. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco is essential to prevent further damage to...
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Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management01:26

Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management

68
Mitral stenosis, a condition marked by the narrowing of the mitral valve, necessitates an integrated approach for effective management. This approach includes preventative measures, medical therapy, and surgical interventions to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.PreventionPrevention of mitral stenosis primarily focuses on reducing the incidence of bacterial infections, particularly streptococcal infections, which can lead to rheumatic fever and subsequent valvular damage. Timely...
68
Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management01:25

Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management

73
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is characterized by retrograde blood circulation from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to inadequate mitral valve closure. The severity of the condition, symptoms, and underlying cause determine treatment strategies.Monitoring and Pharmacological TreatmentPatients with mild to moderate MR typically do not need immediate intervention but regular monitoring to assess progression and guide treatment. Patients with mild MR should have an echocardiogram every 3-5...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System II:Types of Echocardiography01:20

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System II:Types of Echocardiography

442
Echocardiography plays a role in assessing cardiac health and detecting heart conditions, with various types providing critical insights for diagnosis and treatment.
Types of Echocardiography
Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE)
TTE is the most common type of echocardiogram which involves placing a transducer on the patient's chest, emitting sound waves to create heart images. TTE is invaluable for evaluating the heart's size, structure, and motion, making it particularly useful for...
442

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Updated: Oct 31, 2025

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure
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Atrioventricular Septal Defects: Pathology, Imaging, and Treatment Options.

Anas S Taqatqa1,2, Joseph J Vettukattil3,4,5

  • 1Congenital Heart Center, Spectrum Health Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.

Current Cardiology Reports
|July 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD) are complex congenital heart conditions. Understanding their varied anatomy and function with 3D imaging improves diagnosis and treatment, leading to better outcomes.

Keywords:
ACHDAtrioventricular septal defectCongenital heart diseaseDown syndromePediatric

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Congenital Heart Disease

Background:

  • Atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD) encompass a range of congenital heart anomalies.
  • Clinical presentation and intervention timing vary based on AVSD subtype and functional anatomy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review morphological variations and characteristics of AVSDs that guide intervention.
  • To provide insights into the functional anatomy of AVSDs using detailed three-dimensional (3D) assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of morphological variations in AVSDs.
  • Detailed three-dimensional (3D) assessment of atrioventricular junction and valve morphology.
  • Analysis of functional anatomy in AVSDs.

Main Results:

  • Improved understanding of AVSD functional morphology through 3D echocardiography.
  • Increased prenatal detection of AVSDs, facilitating antenatal counseling and planning.
  • Advances in diagnosis and perioperative care have led to optimal outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced understanding of AVSD anatomy and perioperative care improves diagnosis and management.
  • 3D assessment provides crucial insights into AVSD functional anatomy for intervention planning.
  • Optimal short- and long-term outcomes are achievable with current diagnostic and management strategies.