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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice
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Reactive Arthritis Update: Spotlight on New and Rare Infectious Agents Implicated as Pathogens.

Henning Zeidler1, Alan P Hudson2

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Reactive arthritis (ReA) is increasingly linked to a wider range of microbial agents, including rare and novel pathogens like SARS-CoV-2. Expanded diagnostic approaches are crucial for effective treatment and management of this post-infectious arthritis.

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Reactive arthritis (ReA) is a form of inflammatory arthritis.
  • It typically affects joints after an infection elsewhere in the body.
  • The spectrum of causative agents and understanding of ReA has evolved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature (2018-2020) on reactive arthritis.
  • To identify known, rare, and novel microbial agents implicated in ReA.
  • To discuss changing terminology, classification, and potential antimicrobial therapies for ReA.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive narrative review of published articles.
  • Focus on studies from 2018-2020.
  • Inclusion of case reports and controlled studies on antimicrobial therapy.

Main Results:

  • Numerous rare causative agents identified, including Neisseria meningitides, E. coli, and Cryptosporidium.
  • New potential agents include Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Rothia mucilaginosa, and SARS-CoV-2.
  • Diagnostic considerations must broaden beyond HLA-B27 to include diverse post-infectious arthritides.

Conclusions:

  • The spectrum of ReA-causing microbes is expanding significantly.
  • Diagnostic strategies must encompass rare and newly identified infectious agents.
  • Further research into pathogenic mechanisms is needed for improved ReA treatment and management.