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Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

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There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...
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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:
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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
Electron affinity in semiconductors refers to the energy gap between the minimum of its conduction band and the vacuum level and it is a critical parameter in determining how easily a semiconductor can accept additional electrons.
The work...
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Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:24

Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

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The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
Schottky Barriers
Schottky barriers arise when a metal with a work function (Φm) contacts a semiconductor with a different work function (Φs). Initially, electrons transfer until the Fermi levels of the metal and semiconductor align at equilibrium. For instance, if Φm > Φs, the semiconductor Fermi level is higher than the metal's before contact. The...
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Quantum Materials: A New Open Section in Materials.

Heesun Yang1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Korea.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
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Summary

Discover novel quantum materials and their applications. This section publishes cutting-edge research on quantum phenomena, functions, and discoveries.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Mechanics

Background:

  • Introducing a new open section in the journal *Materials* dedicated to quantum materials.
  • Focusing on original research and comprehensive review articles.

Discussion:

  • Highlighting significant contributions to the understanding of quantum materials.
  • Exploring novel scientific and applied research in this rapidly evolving field.

Key Insights:

  • Emphasis on the discovery of new quantum materials.
  • Showcasing the unique phenomena, functions, and applications of these materials.

Outlook:

  • Aimed at researchers and scientists in the field of quantum materials.

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  • Fostering advancements and discoveries in quantum material science and technology.