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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
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Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases
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Obtaining Cocrystals by Reaction Crystallization Method: Pharmaceutical Applications.

Isabela Fanelli Barreto Biscaia1, Samantha Nascimento Gomes1, Larissa Sakis Bernardi1

  • 1Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste/UNICENTRO, Guarapuava 85040-080, PR, Brazil.

Pharmaceutics
|July 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The Reaction Crystallization Method (RCM) offers an efficient way to create pharmaceutical cocrystals, enhancing drug solubility and bioavailability for poorly soluble medications.

Keywords:
cocrystalcocrystallizationpharmaceutical cocrystalreaction crystallization methodsolubility

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Science
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Cocrystals are gaining traction in the pharmaceutical industry for improving drug properties.
  • They are multicomponent solids with improved solubility, stability, and bioavailability.
  • Poorly soluble drugs, particularly Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II, benefit significantly from cocrystallization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the Reaction Crystallization Method (RCM) as a key technique for cocrystal synthesis.
  • To discuss the advantages of RCM over other cocrystallization methods.
  • To demonstrate the utility of RCM in improving the biopharmaceutical characteristics of drugs.

Main Methods:

  • Focuses on the Reaction Crystallization Method (RCM) for cocrystal formation.
  • RCM involves creating a supersaturated solution for the cocrystal, while components remain saturated or unsaturated.
  • This method allows for cocrystal formation without individual component crystallization.

Main Results:

  • RCM enables cocrystal synthesis without precipitating individual components.
  • It facilitates in situ screening for high-quality cocrystals.
  • The method is scalable and cost-effective in terms of time and materials.

Conclusions:

  • RCM is a promising technique for producing pharmaceutical cocrystals.
  • It effectively enhances the biopharmaceutical properties of drugs, especially those with poor solubility.
  • The method's advantages make it suitable for both research and large-scale pharmaceutical production.