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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research01:21

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research

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Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are excellent models for disease research because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into most cell types. Somatic cells from a patient are isolated and reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs. These iPSCs are later differentiated into the desired cell type, which mirrors the diseased cell of the patient. In this way, disease models have been created for investigating diseases such as Down syndrome, type I diabetes,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Cultivate Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells from Children and Reprogram into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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iPSC Preparation and Epigenetic Memory: Does the Tissue Origin Matter?

Giuseppe Scesa1, Raffaella Adami1, Daniele Bottai1

  • 1Department of Health Science, University of Milan, via A di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.

Cells
|July 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer regenerative medicine potential without ethical concerns of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, epigenetic memory and genetic variations impact iPSC quality and transplantation success.

Keywords:
Yamanaka factorsepigenetic memoryiPSCsmethylationreprogramming methods

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Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors
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Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a breakthrough in regenerative medicine, offering alternatives to human embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
  • iPSCs bypass ethical concerns associated with ESCs but face challenges like immune rejection and potential tumorigenicity.
  • Residual epigenetic memory from the cell source can influence iPSC phenotype and transplantation outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of reprogramming methods and tissue origin on iPSC epigenetic memory.
  • To describe induction methods for efficient reprogramming and to prevent host genome integration.
  • To compare the significance of tissue origin and inter-individual genetic variation in iPSC reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of reprogramming methods and their impact on epigenetic memory.
  • Analysis of induction techniques for reprogramming efficiency and safety.
  • Comparative assessment of tissue of origin and genetic variation effects on reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Reprogramming methods and tissue source significantly influence the epigenetic memory of iPSCs.
  • Induction methods are crucial for reprogramming efficiency and avoiding harmful genomic alterations.
  • Inter-individual genetic variation, though less studied, plays a substantial role in reprogramming outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding epigenetic memory and genetic variation is critical for optimizing iPSC technology for regenerative medicine.
  • Careful selection of reprogramming methods and cell sources can improve iPSC quality and therapeutic potential.
  • Further research into genetic variation's impact is needed to fully harness iPSC capabilities.