ZnO Structures with Surface Nanoscale Interfaces Formed by Au, Fe₂O₃, or Cu₂O Modifier Nanoparticles:...

Zinc oxide rod structures are synthetized and subsequently modified with Au, Fe₂O₃, or Cu₂O to form nanoscale interfaces at the rod surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy corroborates the presence of Fe in the form of oxide-Fe₂O₃; Cu in the form of two oxides-CuO and Cu₂O, with the major presence of Cu₂O; and Au in three oxidation states-Au³⁺, Au⁺, and Au⁰, with the content of metallic Au being the highest among the other states. These structures are tested towards nitrogen dioxide, ethanol, acetone, carbon monoxide, and toluene, finding a remarkable increase in the response and sensitivity of the Au-modified ZnO films, especially towards nitrogen dioxide and ethanol. The results for the Au-modified ZnO films report about 47 times higher response to 10 ppm of nitrogen dioxide as compared to the non-modified structures with a sensitivity of 39.96% ppm^-1 and a limit of detection of 26 ppb to this gas. These results are attributed to the cumulative effects of several factors, such as the presence of oxygen vacancies, the gas-sensing mechanism influenced by the nano-interfaces formed between ZnO and Au, and the catalytic nature of the Au nanoparticles.