An Artificial Intelligence Approach to Bloodstream Infections Prediction

This study aimed to develop an early prediction model for identifying patients with bloodstream infections. The data resource was taken from 2015 to 2019 at Taichung Veterans General Hospital, and a total of 1647 bloodstream infection episodes and 3552 non-bloodstream infection episodes in the intensive care unit (ICU) were included in the model development and evaluation. During the data analysis, 30 clinical variables were selected, including patients' basic characteristics, vital signs, laboratory data, and clinical information. Five machine learning algorithms were applied to examine the prediction model performance. The findings indicated that the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of the prediction performance of the XGBoost model was 0.825 for the validation dataset and 0.821 for the testing dataset. The random forest model also presented higher values for the AUROC on the validation dataset and testing dataset, which were 0.855 and 0.851, respectively. The tree-based ensemble learning model enabled high detection ability for patients with bloodstream infections in the ICU. Additionally, the analysis of importance of features revealed that alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) and the period of the central venous catheter are the most important predictors for bloodstream infections. We further explored the relationship between features and the risk of bloodstream infection by using the Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) visualized method. The results showed that a higher prothrombin time is more prominent in a bloodstream infection. Additionally, the impact of a lower platelet count and albumin was more prominent in a bloodstream infection. Our results provide additional clinical information for cut-off laboratory values to assist clinical decision-making in bloodstream infection diagnostics.