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Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such...
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Updated: Oct 30, 2025

A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development
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Chorioamnionitis and neonatal outcomes.

Viral G Jain1, Kent A Willis2, Alan Jobe3

  • 1Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. viral_jain@live.com.

Pediatric Research
|July 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chorioamnionitis, or intrauterine inflammation, frequently causes preterm birth and affects fetal organ development. Inflammation, not just microbes, drives injury, leading to neonatal immune dysfunction and long-term health issues.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Neonatal immunology
  • Developmental pediatrics

Background:

  • Chorioamnionitis (intrauterine inflammation) is a primary cause of preterm birth.
  • It impacts multiple fetal organs and can lead to significant neonatal morbidity and mortality.
  • Both microbial and "sterile" inflammatory processes contribute to chorioamnionitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the impact of chorioamnionitis on fetal development and neonatal immune programming.
  • To highlight the role of inflammatory mediators beyond microbial presence in fetal injury.
  • To emphasize the need for understanding microbiome alterations and inflammation in developing new treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on chorioamnionitis, preterm birth, and neonatal outcomes.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms linking intrauterine inflammation to fetal organ development.
  • Examination of the impact of inflammation on neonatal immune system development and long-term health.

Main Results:

  • Chorioamnionitis affects nearly all fetal organs, contributing to preterm birth.
  • Inflammatory mediators, not solely microbes, cause ongoing fetal and maternal injury.
  • Neonatal immune dysfunction results from inflammation during critical developmental periods, increasing risks for chronic disorders and infections.

Conclusions:

  • Inflammation in chorioamnionitis causes significant fetal injury and immune dysregulation.
  • Understanding microbiome alterations and inflammatory pathways is crucial for improved infant outcomes.
  • Targeting inflammatory processes may offer better therapeutic strategies for infants affected by maternal chorioamnionitis.