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Liver Regeneration

Liver Regeneration

The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
Cells of Liver
The liver comprises four major types of cells— hepatocytes, stellate, Kupffer, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. The hepatocytes are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 30, 2025

In Vitro Cultivation Techniques for Modeling Liver Organogenesis, Building Assembloids, and Designing Synthetic Tissues using Human Cell Lines

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Published on: April 18, 2025

Modeling Liver Organogenesis by Recreating Three-Dimensional Collective Cell Migration: A Role for TGFβ Pathway.

Ogechi Ogoke¹, Osama Yousef¹, Cortney Ott¹

¹Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States.

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

|July 2, 2021

Summary

Researchers developed novel 3D models to study liver collective cell migration (CCM) in vitro. These models mimic key aspects of liver organogenesis, advancing understanding of liver development and disease.

Keywords:

cancer metastasis cell migration hepatic cords hepatocyte migration liver cancer liver development liver regenerative medicine

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Published on: April 12, 2021

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Cell Biology
Biotechnology

Background:

Three-dimensional (3D) collective cell migration (CCM) is crucial for liver development, disease mechanisms, and cell therapies.
Existing 3D CCM models are limited, necessitating improved systems that capture the complexity of *in vivo* processes.
Liver organogenesis involves rapid morphogenetic transitions with distinct CCM features like co-migration and branching.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer novel *in vitro* 3D culture systems that recapitulate key features of liver 3D CCM during organogenesis.
To investigate the roles of cell-cell interactions and growth factors in 3D liver CCM.
To provide advanced models for studying liver development, disease, and cell-based therapies.

Main Methods:

Engineered multiple *in vitro* 3D culture systems mimicking specific liver 3D CCM processes.
Utilized mixed spheroids of liver cells and MRC-5 fibroblasts to observe co-migration and protrusion dynamics.
Employed MRC-5-conditioned medium and spheroid co-cultures to study branching morphogenesis and strand formation.

Main Results:

Mixed spheroids showed enhanced liver spheroid protrusions sensitive to transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1).
Branching morphogenesis was observed in response to conditioned medium, linked to Twist1 upregulation and TGFβ signaling.
Spheroid co-cultures demonstrated complex strand morphogenesis, spheroid fusion, and interstitial migration.

Conclusions:

Novel 3D *in vitro* cultivation systems successfully recreate distinct features of liver 3D CCM.
These models offer valuable tools for understanding liver organogenesis, disease pathogenesis (e.g., cancer), and liver cell therapy.
The developed methodologies bridge the gap between 2D studies and preclinical *in vivo* research.