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Characterizing the Changes in Material Use due to Vehicle Electrification.

Karan Bhuwalka1, Frank R Field1, Robert D De Kleine2

  • 1Materials Systems Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.

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|July 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrifying vehicles significantly increases supply chain risks, particularly for materials like cobalt, nickel, and copper. This shift more than doubles automaker exposure to price volatility, impacting the transition to sustainable transportation.

Keywords:
automobilecritical materialselectric vehiclemachine learningvulnerability

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Automotive Engineering
  • Supply Chain Management

Background:

  • Modern vehicles utilize over 2000 compounds and 76 elements.
  • Identifying material supply risks is crucial for sustainable transportation.
  • Electrification alters vehicle composition, introducing new supply chain vulnerabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive, high-resolution snapshot of material use in conventional and electric vehicles.
  • To analyze how electrification impacts vehicle composition and drives supply risk.
  • To quantify the supply risk exposure associated with the transition to electric vehicles.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of part-level material data for seven current year vehicle models (ICEV to PHEV).
  • Application of a novel machine learning algorithm to estimate missing composition data.
  • Development and application of an 'exposure' metric for supply risk vulnerability.

Main Results:

  • Exposure increased from $874/vehicle (ICEV) to $2344/vehicle (SUV PHEV).
  • A shift to a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) fleet would double automaker exposure, adding ~$1 billion/year in supply risk for a million vehicles.
  • Increased exposure is driven by battery elements (cobalt, graphite, nickel) and common materials like copper.

Conclusions:

  • Electrification significantly elevates supply chain risks for automakers.
  • The transition to electric vehicles necessitates a strategic approach to managing increased material supply vulnerabilities.
  • Copper, alongside battery-specific elements, is a key material driving increased supply risk in electrified vehicles.