Measures of explicit and implicit in motor learning: what we know and what we don't

Adaptation tasks are a key tool in characterizing the contribution of explicit and implicit processes to sensorimotor learning. However, different assumptions and ideas underlie methods used to measure these processes, leading to inconsistencies between studies. For instance, it is still unclear explicit and implicit combine additively. Cognitive studies of explicit and implicit processes show how non-additivity and bias in measurement can distort results. We argue that to understand explicit and implicit processes in visuomotor adaptation, we need a stronger characterization of the phenomenology and a richer set of models to test it on.