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Updated: Oct 30, 2025

The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus SLE in C57BL/6 Mice
Published on: November 1, 2015
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Outcome Measures for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Clinical Trials
Taraneh Tofighi1, Eric F Morand2, Zahi Touma3
1Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
Abstract:
The assessment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease activity in clinical trials has been challenging. This is related to the wide spectrum of SLE manifestations and the heterogeneity of the disease trajectory. Currently, composite outcome measures are most commonly used as a primary endpoint while organ-specific measures are often used as secondary outcomes. In this article, we review the outcome measures and endpoints used in most recent clinical trials and explore potential avenues for further development of new measures and the refinement of existing tools.
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