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Related Concept Videos

Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Meiosis II01:57

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Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each...
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Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues
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Novel ploidy analysis in ectopic pregnancy.

Rachel S Ruderman1, Dana B McQueen1, Jared C Robins1

  • 1Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.

F&S Reports
|July 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array testing of ectopic pregnancy tissue is a viable method for determining ploidy status. While this study found all samples to be euploid, further research is needed.

Keywords:
Ectopic pregnancySNP arrayaneuploidyimplantation

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Chromosome Screening of Human Preimplantation Embryos by Using Spent Culture Medium: Sample Collection and Chromosomal Ploidy Analysis
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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Genetics
  • Gynecologic Oncology

Background:

  • Ectopic pregnancy diagnosis often relies on clinical and biochemical data.
  • Aneuploidy is a common finding in spontaneous abortions, but its prevalence in ectopic pregnancies is less understood.
  • Accurate ploidy assessment of ectopic pregnancy tissue can aid in understanding its pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utility of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array technology for assessing the ploidy status of ectopic pregnancy tissue.
  • To determine if SNP array analysis can differentiate between aneuploid and euploid ectopic pregnancies.
  • To establish a proof of concept for using archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues for genetic analysis.

Main Methods:

  • A case series design was employed at an academic medical center.
  • DNA was extracted from archived FFPE ectopic pregnancy specimens (n=8) obtained from surgically removed ectopic pregnancies.
  • Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray technology was utilized to determine chromosome number and assess for maternal cell contamination.

Main Results:

  • All eight analyzed ectopic pregnancy samples were found to be euploid (normal chromosome number).
  • The SNP array successfully determined the ploidy status and ruled out maternal cell contamination in all cases.
  • The study demonstrated the feasibility of using DNA extracted from FFPE tissue for SNP array analysis.

Conclusions:

  • SNP array technology is a feasible method for determining the ploidy status of ectopic pregnancy tissue, even from routinely stored FFPE blocks.
  • While this study's small sample size yielded only euploid results, the methodology is validated.
  • Further investigation is warranted to confirm the prevalence of aneuploidy in ectopic pregnancies and elucidate underlying mechanisms.