Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Water and Mineral Acquisition02:34

Water and Mineral Acquisition

34.2K
Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
34.2K
The Apoplast and Symplast01:46

The Apoplast and Symplast

52.2K
Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary tissues to facilitate the entry of water and solutes. The plant tissues involved in the transport of water and minerals have two major compartments - the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and consists of cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The...
52.2K
Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots03:02

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

58.7K
Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.
58.7K
Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources02:03

Xylem and Transpiration-driven Transport of Resources

25.1K
The xylem of vascular plants distributes water and dissolved minerals that are taken up by the roots to the rest of the plant. The cells that transport xylem sap are dead upon maturity, and the movement of xylem sap is a passive process.
25.1K
Phloem and Sugar Transport02:02

Phloem and Sugar Transport

38.6K
Like many living organisms, plants have tissues that specialize in specific plant functions. For example, shoots are well adapted to rapid growth, while roots are structured to acquire resources efficiently. However, sugar production is primarily restricted to the photosynthetic cells that reside in the leaves of angiosperm plants. Sugar and other resources are transported from photosynthetic tissues to other specialized tissues by a process called translocation.
38.6K
Morphogenesis02:19

Morphogenesis

29.1K
Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.
29.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cultivation System Dominates Cucumber Performance and Root-Zone Microbiomes Across Biochar Particle Sizes.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

AGP and EXO-LIKE genes promote brassinosteroid-dependent anisotropic growth.

The New phytologist·2026
Same author

Specificity of brassinosteroid perception and its integration at signaling crossroads in vascular development.

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology·2025
Same author

BZR1 promotes pluripotency acquisition and callus development through direct regulation of ARF7 and ARF19.

EMBO reports·2025
Same author

Receptor kinase pathway signal tuning through a nontranscriptional incoherent feedforward loop.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Extracellular pH, cell length and cell differentiation do not firmly correlate across Arabidopsis root tissues.

Plant & cell physiology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification TRAP to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale
09:41

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification TRAP to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

Published on: May 14, 2020

12.4K

Metaphloem development in the Arabidopsis root tip.

Moritz Graeff1, Christian S Hardtke1

  • 1Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|July 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Plant vascular systems use phloem for transport. New research reveals metaphloem sieve elements differentiate late in root development, independent of protophloem cues, using an improved TetSee protocol.

Keywords:
ArabidopsisMetaphloemOPSProtophloemRootSieve element

More Related Videos

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize
09:23

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Published on: January 14, 2016

14.0K
Imaging the Root Hair Morphology of Arabidopsis Seedlings in a Two-layer Microfluidic Platform
09:23

Imaging the Root Hair Morphology of Arabidopsis Seedlings in a Two-layer Microfluidic Platform

Published on: August 15, 2017

8.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification TRAP to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale
09:41

Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification TRAP to Investigate Arabidopsis thaliana Root Development at a Cell Type-Specific Scale

Published on: May 14, 2020

12.4K
Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize
09:23

Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

Published on: January 14, 2016

14.0K
Imaging the Root Hair Morphology of Arabidopsis Seedlings in a Two-layer Microfluidic Platform
09:23

Imaging the Root Hair Morphology of Arabidopsis Seedlings in a Two-layer Microfluidic Platform

Published on: August 15, 2017

8.8K

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Plant Physiology

Background:

  • The phloem transport network is crucial for plant terrestrial life.
  • Protophloem development is well-understood, but metaphloem ontogenesis remains poorly characterized.
  • Visualizing metaphloem development is challenging, hindering research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate metaphloem development in Arabidopsis root tips.
  • To characterize the spatio-temporal dynamics of metaphloem sieve element differentiation.
  • To elucidate the relationship between protophloem and metaphloem development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an improved TetSee protocol for enhanced visualization of Arabidopsis root tips.
  • Employed a set of molecular markers to track metaphloem development.
  • Analyzed the differentiation timing and process of metaphloem sieve elements.

Main Results:

  • Mature metaphloem sieve elements are found in the late post-meristematic root.
  • Metaphloem specification begins as protophloem sieve elements enucleate.
  • Metaphloem sieve elements differentiate only after full elongation, unlike protophloem.
  • Metaphloem differentiation appears independent of protophloem-derived signals.

Conclusions:

  • Metaphloem development follows a distinct, robust trajectory.
  • The timing and process of metaphloem differentiation differ significantly from protophloem.
  • The improved TetSee protocol provides new insights into vascular tissue development.