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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Related Experiment Video

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New developments implicating IL-21 in autoimmune disease.

Heather M Ren1, Aron E Lukacher2, Ziaur S M Rahman2

  • 1MD/PhD Medical Scientist Training Program at Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.

Journal of Autoimmunity
|July 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interleukin-21 (IL-21) from CD4 T cells influences CD8 T cell responses in autoimmunity. This review explores IL-21:IL21R signaling in CD8 T cells across various autoimmune diseases.

Keywords:
AutoimmunityCD4 T cellsCD8 T cellsInterleukin (IL)-21Resident memory

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity
  • T cell biology

Background:

  • Elevated interleukin-21 (IL-21) is observed in autoimmune diseases.
  • CD4 T cells, often T follicular helper (TFH) cells, are primary IL-21 producers.
  • CD4 T cell-derived IL-21 impacts CD8 T cell function in chronic infections and cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of CD4 T cell-derived IL-21 and IL21R signaling in CD8 T cells within autoimmune contexts.
  • To evaluate the implications of this signaling pathway in specific autoimmune diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on IL-21 and T cell signaling in autoimmunity.
  • Analysis of studies investigating IL-21:IL21R interactions in CD8 T cells.

Main Results:

  • CD4 T cell-derived IL-21 signaling in CD8 T cells is crucial but underappreciated in autoimmunity.
  • This pathway influences CD8 T cell effector functions and memory differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • The IL-21:IL21R axis in CD8 T cells is a potential therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases.
  • Further research is warranted to fully elucidate its role in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and other autoimmune conditions.