Development of DNA Biosensors Based on DNAzymes and Nucleases

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Analytical Chemistry
• Molecular Biology

Background:

• DNA biosensors are crucial for environmental, medical, industrial, and agricultural analysis.
• Enzyme catalytic reactions are fundamental to many DNA biosensor designs.
• This review focuses on the critical role of enzymes in DNA biosensing.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of enzyme-based DNA biosensors.
• To categorize and discuss enzymes used in DNA biosensing, specifically DNAzymes and nucleases.
• To explore recent advancements and future perspectives in the field.

Main Methods:

• Classification of enzymes into DNAzymes and nucleases based on their chemical nature.
• Detailed review of DNAzymes, including those inducing cleavage, metalation, peroxidase, ligation, and allosterism.
• Categorization of nucleases (exonucleases, endonucleases, other nucleases) for signal amplification in DNA biosensors.

Main Results:

• DNAzymes, particularly G-quadruplex DNAzymes, are highlighted for their diverse functions.
• Nucleases, including exonucleases (e.g., Exo I, Exo III) and endonucleases (e.g., DNase I, BamH I, DSN), are reviewed for signal amplification strategies.
• DNA polymerases and DNA ligases are discussed as other nucleases utilized in biosensing.

Conclusions:

• Enzymes, encompassing DNAzymes and nucleases, are pivotal components in advancing DNA biosensor technology.
• The review provides a foundational understanding of enzyme mechanisms and applications in biosensing.
• Future research should address current challenges and explore novel enzyme-based strategies for enhanced biosensing capabilities.