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Related Concept Videos

Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

56.6K
Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
On a...
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Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
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Adhesion01:14

Adhesion

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Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow...
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Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Role of Water in Human Biology01:27

Role of Water in Human Biology

11.5K
Water is the one of the most significant components of the human body; it plays a crucial role in several physiological activities because of its unique physicochemical properties. Importantly, it helps to regulate body temperature and is the chief component of several body fluids.
Water's Solvent Properties
Since water is a polar molecule with slightly positive and slightly negative charges, ions and polar molecules can readily dissolve in it. Therefore, it is referred to as a solvent, a...
11.5K
Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

4.1K
An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
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Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols
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Understanding humectant behaviour through their water-holding properties.

Jonathan M Crowther1

  • 1JMC Scientific Consulting Ltd, Egham, UK.

International Journal of Cosmetic Science
|July 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Humectants like glycerine, dexpanthenol, and urea play key roles in moisturizers. Dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) revealed differences in how these humectants retain water, impacting topical product formulation.

Keywords:
claim substantiationdynamic vapour sorptionhumectantsin vitro analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmetic Science
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Humectants are crucial in topical moisturizing formulations.
  • Their water retention and release properties influence active ingredient delivery, consumer experience, and biophysical behavior.
  • Understanding humectant behavior is key to optimizing topical product performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the water retention and release kinetics of common humectants.
  • To compare the dehydration behavior of glycerine, dexpanthenol, and urea in aqueous solutions.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of humectant action in topical formulations.

Main Methods:

  • Dynamic Vapour Sorption (DVS) was employed to monitor dehydration kinetics.
  • Aqueous solutions of glycerine, dexpanthenol, and urea at 20% w/w were tested.
  • Results were compared against pure deionized water.

Main Results:

  • Significant variations in water retention were observed among the three humectants.
  • Dexpanthenol exhibited superior water retention during later dehydration stages.
  • Urea showed signs of crystallization upon final water loss, unlike glycerine and dexpanthenol.

Conclusions:

  • Humectants are vital for topical product acceptance and efficacy, aiding active delivery and skin hydration.
  • The study highlights distinct water management behaviors among common humectants.
  • This knowledge aids formulators in developing optimized topical products based on humectant function.