Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

696
The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
696
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

760
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
760
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

757
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
757
Causes of Social Behavior II: Cognitive Processes01:15

Causes of Social Behavior II: Cognitive Processes

87
Cognitive processes affect social behavior by guiding how individuals perceive, interpret, and respond to social stimuli. These mental processes enable individuals to assess others' behaviors, attribute causes to their actions, and form expectations based on past experiences.Causes of Behavior and Social JudgmentsIndividuals determine the causes of others' behaviors by distinguishing between personal traits and external circumstances. For example, if a friend frequently arrives late, an...
87
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

7.2K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
7.2K
The Influence of Cognition on Affect01:29

The Influence of Cognition on Affect

54
Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be...
54

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Interpretable abstractions of artificial neural networks predict behavior and neural activity during human information gathering.

Nature neuroscience·2026
Same author

Why do we seek information about the future? On the origins of subjective value without instrumental value.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Brain activity, disruption and connectivity comparisons identify origins of human metacognition in other primates.

Nature human behaviour·2026
Same author

Activity in human dorsal raphe nucleus signals changes in behavioural policy.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Temporal-orbitofrontal pathway regulates choices across physical reward and visual novelty.

Neuron·2026
Same author

Humans are more prosocial in poor foraging environments.

Nature communications·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
09:00

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Published on: April 15, 2015

12.5K

Interactions between ventrolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex during learning and behavioural change.

Ilya E Monosov1,2,3,4,5, Matthew F S Rushworth6

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. ilya.monosov@gmail.com.

Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
|July 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Hypotheses guide credit assignment for learning. A specific brain circuit involving the anterior cingulate cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal area 47/12o supports information seeking and credit assignment for adaptive behavior.

More Related Videos

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
09:14

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: March 14, 2025

493
Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats
08:30

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Published on: February 15, 2015

21.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
09:00

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Published on: April 15, 2015

12.5K
Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
09:14

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: March 14, 2025

493
Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats
08:30

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Published on: February 15, 2015

21.2K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Behavioral Biology

Background:

  • Credit assignment, determining causes of outcomes, is vital for learning but challenging, especially in volatile environments.
  • Forming and testing hypotheses about environmental changes are necessary for adaptive behavior but difficult to test.
  • Primate hypothesis testing abilities are well-established, yet causal credit assignment remains a key learning problem.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence linking specific frontal cortical regions to hypothesis formation and testing.
  • To explore the neural basis of information seeking and credit assignment.
  • To understand how these processes contribute to flexible and adaptive behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Review of neuroimaging studies.
  • Analysis of targeted disruption experiments.
  • Examination of neurophysiological data.

Main Results:

  • The anterior cingulate cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal area 47/12o form an interconnected circuit.
  • This circuit is linked to exploratory behavior and non-instrumental information seeking.
  • The circuit plays a role in interpreting feedback for credit assignment.

Conclusions:

  • Information seeking and credit assignment are neurally interconnected.
  • The anterior cingulate - 47/12o circuit is crucial for adaptive behavior in uncertain environments.
  • This neural circuit supports flexible behavioral responses by linking hypothesis testing to outcome evaluation.