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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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Most Findings Obtained With Untimed Visual Illusions Are Confounded.

Paola Bressan1, Peter Kramer1

  • 1Department of General Psychology, University of Padova.

Psychological Science
|July 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Presentation time significantly impacts visual illusions like the Ebbinghaus illusion and lightness contrast. Longer viewing times alter illusion strength, suggesting inspection time is crucial for accurate research on visual perception.

Keywords:
Ebbinghaus illusioncognitive styleglobal-local processinglightness perceptionmethodological confoundsobservation timeopen dataperceptual stylevisual perception

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Area of Science:

  • Visual perception
  • Psychophysics
  • Cognitive science

Background:

  • Visual illusions are widely studied, but the role of presentation time is often overlooked.
  • Previous research has not systematically investigated the time course of various visual illusions.
  • Understanding how viewing duration affects illusion magnitude is critical for interpreting experimental results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of unrestricted presentation times on the magnitude of the Ebbinghaus illusion and lightness contrast.
  • To determine if the impact of presentation time varies across different types of visual illusions.
  • To challenge existing theories of visual processing by highlighting the importance of inspection time.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted experiments with over 550 participants.
  • Compared illusion magnitudes under single-second presentation versus unrestricted viewing conditions.
  • Analyzed the effects on the Ebbinghaus illusion and lightness contrast (increments and decrements).

Main Results:

  • Unrestricted presentation times weakened the Ebbinghaus illusion.
  • Unrestricted presentation times strengthened lightness contrast with double increments.
  • Unrestricted presentation times did not alter lightness contrast with double decrements.

Conclusions:

  • Illusion magnitude is confounded by inspection time in various experimental tasks.
  • The differential effects of presentation time across illusions suggest distinct underlying mechanisms.
  • Findings necessitate re-evaluation of theories on lightness, global-local processing, and visual illusion research methodology.