A new approach for health-oriented ozone control strategy: Adjoint-based optimization of NO_x emission reductions...

While levels of particulate matters in the Pearl River Delta Region (PRD) show a significant reduction, ozone (O₃) has an opposite increasing trend, becoming the critical air quality target in this decade. Emission control strategies are typically formulated sector by sector, spatial variability in emissions reductions and health impacts of air pollutants may not be taken into account, affecting the overall effectiveness of control strategies. This study proposes an adjoint-based optimization framework to facilitate health-oriented O₃ control over PRD. The location-specific adjoint sensitivity coefficients, which reflect the spatiotemporal influences from emissions of nitrogen dioxide (NO_x) on O₃ health impacts, are combined with metaheuristic algorithms to minimize the O₃-related premature mortalities over receptor regions. Using the proposed optimization methodology, the regional O₃ health benefits under current emission reduction policy can be increased by 16-27%. The results show that relatively larger NO_x emissions reductions occurred at highly developed and populated areas. Particularly, significant reductions in NO_x emissions are observed at Shenzhen and urban Guangzhou. Furthermore, implementing regional NO_x emissions abatement has advantages to achieve an overall O₃ health benefits for all cities. The interregional influences of NO_x emissions abatement between cities indicate a promising strategy of health-oriented O₃ control in PRD.