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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

4.4K
Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

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Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 29, 2025

Semiautomated Longitudinal Microcomputed Tomography-based Quantitative Structural Analysis of a Nude Rat Osteoporosis-related Vertebral Fracture Model
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Bone Density Changes Following Radiotherapy to Vertebral Metastases.

Garrett L Jensen1, Ravi Gaddipati2, Kendall P Hammonds3

  • 1Radiation Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, USA.

Cureus
|July 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiotherapy for bone metastases increases bone mineral density (BMD) over time, indicating healing. Computer tomography (CT) imaging can quantify these cancer-involved bone changes, suggesting a new method for assessing treatment response.

Keywords:
bone densitybone healinginsufficiency fracturespinevertebrae

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Oncology
  • Bone Metabolism

Background:

  • Increasing patient longevity necessitates better assessment of bone healing after radiotherapy for bone metastases.
  • Current methods for evaluating treatment response in bone metastases are often subjective or limited.
  • Quantitative assessment of bone changes post-radiotherapy is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitate cancer-involved bone changes after radiotherapy using bone mineral density (BMD) changes measured by computed tomography (CT) imaging.
  • To explore the relationship between radiotherapy dose and bone density changes.
  • To investigate if lesion characteristics influence density changes.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 117 spinal metastases treated with radiotherapy.
  • CT imaging used to measure bone mineral density (BMD) in various defined volumes (GTV, GBV, Lyt, Domlyt, CBV) before and after treatment.
  • Hounsfield density calibration curve applied for quantitative density measurements.

Main Results:

  • Significant increases in bone density were observed in gross tumor volume (GTV), gross bone volume (GBV), total lytic volume (Lyt), and dominant lytic volume (Domlyt) post-radiotherapy (p<0.0001).
  • The magnitude of density increase varied, with Domlyt > Lyt > GTV > GBV.
  • Biologically effective dose (BED) was the only significant factor correlating with GTV density change (p=0.0175).

Conclusions:

  • Increases in bone mineral density (BMD) after radiotherapy are associated with bone healing, irrespective of initial lesion size or density.
  • CT-based BMD assessment offers a quantitative method to evaluate treatment response in bone metastases.
  • Further prospective studies are warranted to correlate early density changes with long-term treatment control.