Autoimmune- and complement-mediated hematologic condition recrudescence following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

A variety of autoimmune disorders have been reported after viral illnesses and specific vaccinations. Cases of de novo immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) have been reported after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, although its effect on preexisting ITP has not been well characterized. In addition, although COVID-19 has been associated with complement dysregulation, the effect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on preexisting complementopathies is poorly understood. We sought to better understand SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced recurrence of autoimmune- and complement-mediated hematologic conditions. Three illustrative cases were identified at the University of Washington Medical Center and the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance from January through March 2021. We describe the recrudescence of 2 autoimmune conditions (ITP and acquired von Willebrand Disease [AvWD]/acquired hemophilia A) and 1 complementopathy (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria [PNH]). We report the first known case of AvWD/acquired hemophilia A, and describe the first PNH exacerbation in the absence of complement inhibition after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Although SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced ITP is a known concern, our case clearly depicts how thrombocytopenia in the setting of preexisting ITP can sequentially worsen with each vaccine dose. Based on our experiences and these examples, we provide considerations for how to monitor and assess risk in patients with underlying autoimmune- and complement-mediated hematologic conditions.