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Related Concept Videos

Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

88.2K
Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects—such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
88.2K
Phagocytosis00:41

Phagocytosis

6.9K
Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). Many immune system cells,...
6.9K
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

4.1K
Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
4.1K
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

6.4K
Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
6.4K
Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

3.5K
Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
3.5K
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

8.2K
Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 29, 2025

"Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy TIRFM
10:07

"Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy TIRFM

Published on: August 26, 2016

6.6K

Phagophore Closure.

Yongheng Liang1

  • 1College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. liangyh@njau.edu.cn.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|July 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Phagophore closure, a key step in macroautophagy, involves Rab5 and ESCRT-III proteins. This study confirms their roles and introduces new methods to study autophagosome formation.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Autophagy Research

Background:

  • Phagophore closure is essential for macroautophagy, but the underlying mechanisms and regulatory proteins remained largely unknown.
  • Recent studies identified Rab5 in yeast and ESCRT-III in mammalian cells as crucial for phagophore and mitophagosome closure.
  • The role of ESCRT in phagophore closure was further validated in yeast, highlighting the interaction between Atg17, ESCRT-III (Snf7), and Rab5.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the characteristics of autophagosome-like membrane structures in ESCRT mutants.
  • To investigate the regulatory mechanisms governing phagophore closure.
  • To introduce and validate novel methods for detecting membrane closure during autophagy.

Main Methods:

  • Protease protection assay with immunoblotting.

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Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages
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Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages

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Visualizing the Early Stages of Phagocytosis
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Visualizing the Early Stages of Phagocytosis

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 29, 2025

"Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy TIRFM
10:07

"Phagosome Closure Assay" to Visualize Phagosome Formation in Three Dimensions Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescent Microscopy TIRFM

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Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages
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Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages

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Visualizing the Early Stages of Phagocytosis
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Visualizing the Early Stages of Phagocytosis

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  • Immunofluorescence assays.
  • Autophagosome completion assays.
  • Optogenetic closure assay.

    • Main Results:

    • Confirmed the involvement of ESCRT-III and Rab5 in phagophore closure in yeast.
    • Demonstrated that Atg17 recruits Snf7 (an ESCRT-III subunit) to the phagophore under Rab5 control.
    • Validated the utility of newly developed assays for studying membrane closure.

    Conclusions:

    • ESCRT-III, recruited by Atg17 and regulated by Rab5, plays a critical role in phagophore closure.
    • This study advances the understanding of autophagosome biogenesis.
    • New methodologies provide valuable tools for future autophagy research.