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Reduced Itraconazole Concentration and Durations Are Successful in Treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in Amphibians

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Antibiotic stewardship for reptiles.

J Hedley¹, M L Whitehead², C Munns³

¹Beaumont Sainsbury Animal Hospital, Royal Veterinary College, 4 Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.

The Journal of Small Animal Practice

|July 15, 2021

Summary

Responsible antibiotic use in reptiles lacks evidence and guidelines. This review synthesizes current knowledge to recommend best practices for antibiotic treatment in common reptile diseases.

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Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Strains from Skin of Terrestrial Amphibians

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Reduced Itraconazole Concentration and Durations Are Successful in Treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in Amphibians

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Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Strains from Skin of Terrestrial Amphibians

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Published on: June 17, 2025

Area of Science:

Veterinary Medicine
Herpetology
Microbiology

Background:

Antibiotic use in reptiles is common but lacks evidence-based guidelines.
There is a critical need for responsible antibiotic stewardship in reptile medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the evidence for bacterial involvement in common reptile diseases.
To develop recommendations for responsible antibiotic treatment in reptiles.

Main Methods:

A comprehensive literature search was conducted.
Evidence for bacterial roles in reptile pathology was assessed.
Recommendations for antibiotic therapy were formulated.

Main Results:

Limited evidence supports widespread antibiotic use in reptiles.
Bacterial involvement varies significantly across different reptile pathologies.
Specific recommendations for judicious antibiotic use were developed.

Conclusions:

Responsible antibiotic usage in reptiles requires a critical evaluation of evidence.
Guidelines are needed to ensure effective and prudent antibiotic therapy in reptiles.
This review provides a foundation for evidence-based antibiotic recommendations in reptile care.