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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

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Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
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Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
Although bacterial genomes are much...
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DNA Microarrays02:34

DNA Microarrays

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Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in genome-wide studies to compare gene or protein expression under two varied conditions, such as healthy and diseased states. Microarrays consist of glass or silica slides on which probe molecules are covalently attached through surface functionalization. Most commonly, the slides are prepared through the chemisorption of silanes to silica...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 28, 2025

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.
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Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

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The International Human Genome Project.

Ewan Birney1

  • 1European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.

Human Molecular Genetics
|July 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The international Human Genome Project yielded a freely available human genome. Future research requires a global, diverse graph genome approach for comprehensive interpretation.

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics
  • International Collaboration

Background:

  • The Human Genome Project was an international endeavor, fostering global data sharing.
  • The project's success highlights the benefits of international scientific cooperation.
  • Freely accessible genomic data accelerates basic and clinical research worldwide.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To underscore the importance of international collaboration in large-scale genomic projects.
  • To discuss the evolution of the reference human genome towards a graph genome.
  • To emphasize the role of an international mindset in human genome data analysis.

Main Methods:

  • The abstract does not detail specific methods but discusses the project's conception and execution.
  • It highlights the principle of open data access for global research.

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  • It posits the future need for diverse sequence data integration.

    • Main Results:

    • The Human Genome Project successfully produced a reference human genome.
    • This genome is freely available to researchers globally.
    • International collaboration was crucial for the project's success.

    Conclusions:

    • The international nature of the Human Genome Project was key to its success and data accessibility.
    • The future of genomics necessitates a shift towards a graph genome incorporating diverse global sequences.
    • An international collaborative approach is vital for interpreting genomic data in both basic and clinical research.