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Related Experiment Video

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A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
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The locus of proactive interference in visual working memory.

Roy Shoval1, Tal Makovski1

  • 1Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance
|July 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Proactive interference (PI) hinders visual working memory (WM) primarily during the testing phase, not encoding or retention. This suggests long-term memory plays a key role in PI effects on visual WM.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Memory

Background:

  • Proactive interference (PI) is known to impair memory recall.
  • Previous research indicates PI negatively impacts visual working memory (WM).
  • The specific mechanisms and memory stages affected by PI in visual WM remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the precise mechanisms underlying proactive interference in visual working memory.
  • To determine whether PI affects the encoding, retention, or testing stages of visual WM.
  • To elucidate the role of long-term memory in proactive interference effects.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted to test PI effects across different stages of visual WM.
  • Experiment 1 used speeded responses to assess memory source confusion during testing.
  • Experiments 2 and 3 manipulated retention and encoding intervals, respectively, to isolate PI effects.

Main Results:

  • Slower reaction times in repeated compared to unique conditions suggest memory source confusion during testing.
  • Retention interval manipulations did not alter the magnitude of the PI effect.
  • Shortened encoding intervals reduced the PI effect, possibly due to enhanced consolidation from familiar items.

Conclusions:

  • The primary locus of proactive interference in visual WM is during the testing phase.
  • Encoding and retention of information in visual WM are minimally affected by irrelevant prior information.
  • Findings support the involvement of long-term memory mechanisms in proactive interference effects on visual WM.