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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
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Cytokines: Signalling Improved Immunotherapy?

Alana J De Luca1,2, A Bruce Lyons2, Andrew S Flies3

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Current Oncology Reports
|July 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Combining immune checkpoint immunotherapies (ICI) with cytokine therapy shows limited clinical success. Further research into molecular interactions is needed to improve cancer treatment outcomes and trial design.

Keywords:
CancerCheckpoint inhibitorCytokineImmune checkpoint moleculeImmunotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Therapy

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint immunotherapies (ICI) are approved for over 20 cancers, with numerous clinical trials underway.
  • ICI treatments often fail to provide lasting protection against cancer recurrence.
  • Pro-inflammatory cytokines may enhance ICI efficacy, but clinical trial results remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effects of combining monoclonal antibody-based ICI with cytokine therapy.
  • To assess treatment efficacy and immunological changes in published clinical trials from 2005-2020.
  • To understand the limitations in clinical translation of these combination therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of published clinical trial results (2005-2020).
  • Inclusion of studies using approved monoclonal antibody ICI combined with cytokines.
  • Assessment of treatment efficacy and immunological changes.

Main Results:

  • Clinical trial results for ICI and cytokine combinations are less clear than in vitro and animal studies.
  • Many clinical trials do not publish their results, hindering comprehensive analysis.
  • A deeper understanding of molecular interactions is required for improved outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • The combination of ICI with cytokine therapy has not consistently translated to improved clinical outcomes.
  • Further investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying the interplay between cytokines, tumors, and immune cells is crucial.
  • Critical analysis of past clinical trial designs is necessary to inform future, more effective combination immunotherapy trials.