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Telomeres and Telomerase02:41

Telomeres and Telomerase

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In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded...
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Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
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Replication in Eukaryotes02:31

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Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

Replicative Cell Senescence

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Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds...
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Chromosome Replication02:31

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Before a cell can divide, it must accurately replicate all of its chromosomes, including the DNA and its associated histone and non-histone proteins.  This process begins at numerous origins of replication during the S phase of the cell cycle in each of a cell’s chromosomes simultaneously. Certain nucleotides can act as origins of replication, but these sequences are not well defined - especially in complex, multi-cellular, eukaryotic species. The length of DNA that spans an origin...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 28, 2025

Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence
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Telomere Length and Telomerase Activity; A Yin and Yang of Cell Senescence

Published on: May 22, 2013

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Ad Astra - telomeres in space!

Susan M Bailey1,2, Jared J Luxton1,2, Miles J McKenna1,2

  • 1Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.

International Journal of Radiation Biology
|July 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Long-duration spaceflight impacts astronaut health, particularly telomere length and DNA damage, due to radiation exposure. Personalized health monitoring is crucial for future space missions and understanding radiation effects on Earth.

Keywords:
DNA damage responsesTelomereschromosome aberrationsinversionsspace radiation environment

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Area of Science:

  • Space exploration and human health.
  • Astrobiology and space medicine.
  • Radiation biology and genomics.

Background:

  • Human spaceflight has evolved from short missions to long-duration stays on the International Space Station (ISS).
  • Commercial spaceflight is rapidly advancing, enabling more frequent and diverse astronaut missions.
  • Future exploration includes returning to the Moon and pioneering Mars missions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To understand the health effects of long-duration spaceflight on astronauts.
  • To investigate the role of space radiation in physiological changes.
  • To inform personalized health strategies for space exploration.

Main Methods:

  • Review of findings from the NASA Twins Study and Telomeres investigations.
  • Analysis of telomere length changes in astronauts.
  • Examination of DNA damage responses in astronauts and prostate cancer patients.

Main Results:

  • Long-duration spaceflight is associated with changes in telomere length and persistent DNA damage responses.
  • Chronic space radiation exposure is a potential mechanism for these changes.
  • Similar radiation effects were observed in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding spaceflight-induced health changes is essential as space travel increases in duration and diversity.
  • Radiation exposure is a significant factor affecting astronaut health.
  • Individual responses to radiation vary, necessitating personalized health assessments and interventions for both spaceflight and terrestrial radiation exposures.