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Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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The Ras Gene02:38

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The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 27, 2025

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SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Rhode Island.

Rami Kantor1, Vladimir Novitsky1, Kristin Carpenter-Azevedo2

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.

Rhode Island Medical Journal (2013)
|July 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Rhode Island established genomic surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 variants, tracking their spread and evolution. This initiative provides crucial data for understanding COVID-19 dynamics and informing public health strategies.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2genomic sequencingpublic healthvariantsviral mutations

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genomics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, remains a global health concern.
  • Genomic surveillance is vital for tracking emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and guiding public health interventions.
  • Understanding variant prevalence is key to effective pandemic management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish and implement a systematic genomic surveillance program for SARS-CoV-2 in Rhode Island.
  • To monitor the prevalence and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants within the state.
  • To analyze the emergence and dominance of variants of concern (VOC) and variants of interest (VOI).

Main Methods:

  • Formation of an academic-public health partnership to build sequencing capacity.
  • Implementation of a systematic surveillance program for SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing.
  • Analysis of circulating lineages, variant timelines, and spike protein mutations.

Main Results:

  • Rhode Island developed robust SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing capabilities.
  • A timeline detailing the introduction and rise of VOCs and VOIs was established.
  • Independent emergence of beneficial spike protein mutations in non-VOC/VOI lineages was observed.

Conclusions:

  • The Rhode Island genomic surveillance initiative offers valuable insights into local SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology.
  • The program contributes data for future epidemiological studies and inter-state comparisons.
  • Continuous genomic surveillance is essential for effective COVID-19 pandemic response.