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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into ...
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Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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The Functions of the Skeletal System01:22

The Functions of the Skeletal System

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The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...
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Updated: Oct 27, 2025

Real-Time Imaging of CCL5-Induced Migration of Periosteal Skeletal Stem Cells in Mice
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Distinct skeletal stem cell types orchestrate long bone skeletogenesis.

Thomas H Ambrosi1, Rahul Sinha1, Holly M Steininger1

  • 1Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.

Elife
|July 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered two distinct types of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) in mouse long bones: osteochondral SSCs for growth and repair, and perivascular SSCs involved in bone marrow formation and hematopoietic stem cell niches.

Keywords:
bonediversitymesenchymal stromal cellsmouseregenerative medicineskeletal stem cellsstem cells

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Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification
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Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones
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Area of Science:

  • Bone Biology
  • Stem Cell Research
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Skeletal stem and progenitor cells are vital for bone health.
  • Current characterization relies on bulk populations, obscuring cell type uniqueness and overlap.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To functionally and transcriptomically characterize distinct skeletal stem cell (SSC) populations in postnatal mouse long bones.
  • To differentiate the roles and origins of identified SSC subtypes.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive functional assays.
  • Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of postnatal mouse long bones.

Main Results:

  • Identification of at least two bona fide SSC types: osteochondral SSCs (ocSSCs) and perivascular SSCs (pvSSCs).
  • ocSSCs support long bone growth and repair.
  • pvSSCs contribute to the hematopoietic stem cell niche, regenerative demand, and are the origin of bone marrow adipose tissue.

Conclusions:

  • Postnatal long bones harbor at least two distinct SSC populations with specialized functions.
  • pvSSCs play a unique role in bone marrow niche formation and adipogenesis.
  • This study refines our understanding of SSC heterogeneity and function.