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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

5.5K
Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

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Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
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Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

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Evolution and diversification of the nuclear pore complex.

Alexandr A Makarov1, Norma E Padilla-Mejia1, Mark C Field1,2

  • 1School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|July 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The nuclear pore complex (NPC), essential for eukaryotic cell transport, shows remarkable evolutionary flexibility and diversification across major taxa, adapting alongside mRNA export processes.

Keywords:
eukaryogenesisevolutionary biologynuclear poresnuclear protein transport

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a crucial cellular machine regulating transport between the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm in eukaryotic cells.
  • Composed of over 300 proteins, the NPC has ancient evolutionary origins, predating eukaryotic diversification.
  • Despite its complexity, NPC structure exhibits significant variation across different life forms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diversification of NPCs in major taxa.
  • To discuss the evolutionary implications of recent genomic and structural characterizations of plant, protist, and nucleomorph NPCs.
  • To explore the relationship between NPC evolution, mRNA export, and overall NPC diversity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advances in genomic characterization of NPCs.
  • Analysis of structural characterization data for plant, protist, and nucleomorph NPCs.
  • Integration of findings within the context of mRNA export mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The NPC structure is highly flexible and has diversified considerably across major eukaryotic lineages.
  • Recent genomic and structural studies reveal significant variations in plant, protist, and nucleomorph NPCs.
  • Changes in NPC structure are linked to adaptations in mRNA export, highlighting the NPC as a dynamic evolutionary platform.

Conclusions:

  • The nuclear pore complex is a platform for continuous evolution and adaptation.
  • Understanding NPC diversification provides insights into fundamental eukaryotic cell evolution.
  • The interplay between NPC structure and mRNA export is a key driver of its diversity.